翻譯的國外資料!關於紐波利頓!
History of the Neapolitan Mastiff Breed
紐波利頓犬繁殖的歷史
The Neapolitan mastiff has been recognized as a breed in the modern world only since 1949. However through bas reliefs,
paintings and statues dating from 3000 years before Christ, we can trace his roots to the giant war dogs of Egypt, Persia,
Mesopotamia, and Asia. Even as historical a figure as Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) was instrumental in creating the
Neapolitan Mastiff. Alexander is known to have crossed the giant Macedonian and Epirian war dogs with the short-haired
"Indian" dogs to create the Molossus. The Molossus was a dog characterized by having a wide, short muzzle and a heavy dewlap
and was used to fight tigers, lions, elephants, and men in battle. This animal is easily recognized as the great forefather
of the Neapolitan Mastiff
紐波利頓普遍認為是從1949年開始繁殖的，但是在公元前3000年前的壁畫以及雕塑品上，我們就已經
發現了這個品種的存在，沿著這個歷史的足跡，我們發現了這個巨人在古代埃及，波斯，美索不達米亞和亞洲的每次戰爭中留下的足跡。歷史
上偉大的亞歷山大大帝，為創造出這種偉大的犬種做出了貢獻。
在遠征印度歸來後！他帶回來了一種體形巨大的短毛大狗，通過和愛琴海地區和馬其頓地區土狗的雜交，繁殖出了著名的猛犬——Molossus！
Molossus最明顯的特徵就是寬大而短促的上嘴部口吻，厚重且肥大的兩腮以及下腮肉，他們表情冷酷嚴峻。一般都用來與兇猛的獅子，老虎甚
至大象搏鬥，而且廣泛的用在軍隊的戰爭中。Molossus可以說是紐波利頓最直接的祖先。
When the Romans conquered Greece, they adopted the Molossus dogs and also used them in battle, in the hunt, and in the
arena. The Roman invasion of England gave them access to the even larger giant Mastiff dogs there which the Romans crossed
with their own now formidable war beasts. The several different breeds that are descended from these dogs have many traits
in common: they are large powerful animals, are devoted to their masters, and are superior defenders of person and property.
當羅馬人佔領希臘以後，他們收養了Molossus，並且用在了戰場上，狩獵活動以及競技場內的格鬥表演。羅馬人入侵英國以後，利用Molossus
繁育了好幾種體形巨大，另人生畏的戰爭野獸。雖然外表不同，但是全是緣於一個祖先，並且有著共同的特徵：巨大的力量強壯的身軀，忠心
於唯一的主人，有極強的保衛主人以及主人財產的能力。
Over the centuries, breeders of the mastino in the Neapolitan area of southern Italy, focused on breeding guards for the
homes and estate. They created a breed which retained the giant size, heavy, loose skin and dewlap. This was an animal which
was a stay-at-home type, and was good with the family but was bred to detect unwanted intruders and to deter them from the
property under their care. Indeed, many say that the Neapolitan Mastiff's serious looks alone are enough to deter any
intruder.
幾個世紀過去了，在意大利南部， 為了護衛家庭財產，而進行的紐波利頓犬的繁殖工作一直在進行著。他們保留了紐波利頓犬巨大體形的特
點，以及肥厚的下嘴唇贅肉的特徵。這是一種非常適合家庭居住的犬，對家庭成員非常友好，但同時也對不受歡迎的陌生人存在著非常大的危
險性。他們會非常小心而謹慎的保護家裡任何東西防止陌生人任何舉動。
After the second World War, several Italians began to organize and promote the breed. The first exhibition was held in Naples
in 1946, with six Neapolitan Mastiff being presented. The standard was first codified in 1948 by Dr. Piero Scanziani and the
breed was recognized by the FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale) in 1949. The standard was rewritten again for
greater precision in 1971.
第二次世界大戰結束後，在意大利出現了有組織的發展性的繁殖計劃。第一次紐波利頓狗展在1946年舉辦。當時有6只紐波利頓參加，紐波利頓
的品種標準由Piero Scanziani博士於1948年制訂。同年成立了
FIC(Federation Cynologique Internationale不好意思，不知道怎麼翻譯這個組織的名稱)。這一標準於1971年被從新改寫。
By the early 1970's the breed had representatives in most other European countries and had acquired significant footholds in
Germany and the USA, where a few fanciers became fascinated by the art of breeding this uniquely looking and moving dog.
And we say art because the breeding of the Neapolitan Mastiff is truly an art. To quote Giusseppe Alessandra, president of
the A.T.I.M.A.N.A., (the International Association of the Neapolitan Mastiff), "there are three important and equal aspects
to the Neapolitan Mastiff: its type, its size, and its soundness
70年代早期，歐洲許多國家的紐波利頓的繁殖工作已經具有非常代表性，德國和美國的
培育工作也為這一物種的繁殖起到了重大作用。甚至少數人覺得培育這有頗具代表性的狗，簡直就是
一見藝術品。我們確實也可以不打折扣的來說紐波利頓確實是一件非常完美的藝術品。
引用A.T.I.M.A.N.A., (紐波利頓國際聯合會)主席Giusseppe Alessandra先生的一句話來說
「三個重要的特徵決定紐波利頓 獨有的樣子，血型，尺寸和沉穩的性格。
The Mastino's type, its unique appearance, was created in the Neapolitan countryside by years of inbreeding. As a result, the
traits that make the Neo an unusual dog: its wrinkles, dewlap, loose skin, enormous bone, and distinct lumbering gait, are
created by an accumulation of recessive genes. To breed a sound dog with these attributes is truly an art...and a challenge.
Mastino血系的紐波利頓可以說是這一品種中的極品，並且有著非常獨特的顯著特徵，這些由那布勒斯人
培育出來的大狗，有著與眾不同的外觀：渾身的褶皺，肥厚的下嘴唇，鬆弛的皮膚，巨大的骨量，緩慢
而巨大的身軀。這些明顯隱性基因遺傳的產物。繁育出如此完美的品種，真可以算的上是對藝術的挑戰
In those countries where the Neapolitan Mastiff has achieved a steady population, the breeders have tended to focus on that
aspect of the breed which adheres to cultural ideals. For instance, in Italy, the focus is on type over size and soundness.
In Germany, the focus tends to be on size first, then type then soundness. In the United States, the focus has been on
soundness, then size, then type. Only in the last five years have US breeders regularly been able to produce formidable dogs
of the splendid type that amazes and awes true Neapolitan Mastiff fans world-wide.
很多歐洲國家，紐波利頓的繁殖數量達到了相當多的數量。他們都向著人們所需要的特定目標來培育和選種。並且還形成了自己獨特的文化。
比如在意大利，紐波利頓的培育就最看重的是血統，其次是體形和沉穩的性格。而在德國，人們培育時候第一考慮的是體形，其次是血統和性
格。美國人更看重的是性格，體形排第二，血統排最後。最近5年，美國人培育出了更加強大的紐波利頓，他們性格兇猛體形巨大，另人吃驚與
敬畏，另全世界的紐波利頓迷引起了巨大凡響。
As proof of this we offer two examples. The A.T.I.M.A.N.A. hosts a prestigious annual show attended by hundreds of
Neapolitans from all of Europe. In 1994, for the first time an American-bred Neapolitan Mastiff competed. Ironstone Islero
II, owned by Mr. Harry Booker, and bred by Dr. Sherilyn Allen, took third place. It was a victory for the Americans in a
traditionally Italian-dominated event, and a significant victory for this dog as he was adversely affected by the long flight
over. The judge commented that he would have picked the dog to win had he (the dog) been feeling better.
As a second example, in the Summer of 1995, Dr. Theo Kjelstrom, an AKC judge who has studied the Neapolitan Mastiff both here
and abroad judged a Neapolitan Mastiff specialty in Illinois. His comments after the show were "These dogs are on par with
the best dog's I've seen while judging in Europe, excellent bone and type. Furthermore they have the advantage of being quite
sound."
有2個事例可以說明美國人的育種工作取得的成績，
第一個事例：每一年紐波利頓國際聯合會都要舉行重要的比賽，來自歐洲各國的數百隻紐波利頓都來參加！這一行業內極賦盛名的比賽中一直
都是歐洲佔據著主要地位。但是1994年的比賽中，來自美國的Ironstone Islero II犬場的一隻紐波利頓取得了冠軍。他的主人是Harry Booker
先生,同樣來自美國的Sherilyn Allen博士，他的狗取得了第三名的成績。這一次比賽結果徹底結束了意大利人一統行業內霸主的地位。開創了
美國人在繁育行業內占主導地位的新局面。
第二事例：1995年夏天，AKC著名的裁判Theo Kjelstrom博士開始專心研究於紐波利頓犬的評選工作中，他走訪了很多美國和意大利以及其他一
些國家的犬場，最後在伊利諾依州一家犬場發現了一隻非常優秀的紐波利頓，他說：「這是我見過的最好的一隻紐波利頓，骨量，體形，都非
常非常的優秀，我在歐洲見過了那麼多的優秀紐波利頓，還沒有哪一隻能比的上這隻！」
紐波利頓犬繁殖的歷史
The Neapolitan mastiff has been recognized as a breed in the modern world only since 1949. However through bas reliefs,
paintings and statues dating from 3000 years before Christ, we can trace his roots to the giant war dogs of Egypt, Persia,
Mesopotamia, and Asia. Even as historical a figure as Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) was instrumental in creating the
Neapolitan Mastiff. Alexander is known to have crossed the giant Macedonian and Epirian war dogs with the short-haired
"Indian" dogs to create the Molossus. The Molossus was a dog characterized by having a wide, short muzzle and a heavy dewlap
and was used to fight tigers, lions, elephants, and men in battle. This animal is easily recognized as the great forefather
of the Neapolitan Mastiff
紐波利頓普遍認為是從1949年開始繁殖的，但是在公元前3000年前的壁畫以及雕塑品上，我們就已經
發現了這個品種的存在，沿著這個歷史的足跡，我們發現了這個巨人在古代埃及，波斯，美索不達米亞和亞洲的每次戰爭中留下的足跡。歷史
上偉大的亞歷山大大帝，為創造出這種偉大的犬種做出了貢獻。
在遠征印度歸來後！他帶回來了一種體形巨大的短毛大狗，通過和愛琴海地區和馬其頓地區土狗的雜交，繁殖出了著名的猛犬——Molossus！
Molossus最明顯的特徵就是寬大而短促的上嘴部口吻，厚重且肥大的兩腮以及下腮肉，他們表情冷酷嚴峻。一般都用來與兇猛的獅子，老虎甚
至大象搏鬥，而且廣泛的用在軍隊的戰爭中。Molossus可以說是紐波利頓最直接的祖先。
When the Romans conquered Greece, they adopted the Molossus dogs and also used them in battle, in the hunt, and in the
arena. The Roman invasion of England gave them access to the even larger giant Mastiff dogs there which the Romans crossed
with their own now formidable war beasts. The several different breeds that are descended from these dogs have many traits
in common: they are large powerful animals, are devoted to their masters, and are superior defenders of person and property.
當羅馬人佔領希臘以後，他們收養了Molossus，並且用在了戰場上，狩獵活動以及競技場內的格鬥表演。羅馬人入侵英國以後，利用Molossus
繁育了好幾種體形巨大，另人生畏的戰爭野獸。雖然外表不同，但是全是緣於一個祖先，並且有著共同的特徵：巨大的力量強壯的身軀，忠心
於唯一的主人，有極強的保衛主人以及主人財產的能力。
Over the centuries, breeders of the mastino in the Neapolitan area of southern Italy, focused on breeding guards for the
homes and estate. They created a breed which retained the giant size, heavy, loose skin and dewlap. This was an animal which
was a stay-at-home type, and was good with the family but was bred to detect unwanted intruders and to deter them from the
property under their care. Indeed, many say that the Neapolitan Mastiff's serious looks alone are enough to deter any
intruder.
幾個世紀過去了，在意大利南部， 為了護衛家庭財產，而進行的紐波利頓犬的繁殖工作一直在進行著。他們保留了紐波利頓犬巨大體形的特
點，以及肥厚的下嘴唇贅肉的特徵。這是一種非常適合家庭居住的犬，對家庭成員非常友好，但同時也對不受歡迎的陌生人存在著非常大的危
險性。他們會非常小心而謹慎的保護家裡任何東西防止陌生人任何舉動。
After the second World War, several Italians began to organize and promote the breed. The first exhibition was held in Naples
in 1946, with six Neapolitan Mastiff being presented. The standard was first codified in 1948 by Dr. Piero Scanziani and the
breed was recognized by the FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale) in 1949. The standard was rewritten again for
greater precision in 1971.
第二次世界大戰結束後，在意大利出現了有組織的發展性的繁殖計劃。第一次紐波利頓狗展在1946年舉辦。當時有6只紐波利頓參加，紐波利頓
的品種標準由Piero Scanziani博士於1948年制訂。同年成立了
FIC(Federation Cynologique Internationale不好意思，不知道怎麼翻譯這個組織的名稱)。這一標準於1971年被從新改寫。
By the early 1970's the breed had representatives in most other European countries and had acquired significant footholds in
Germany and the USA, where a few fanciers became fascinated by the art of breeding this uniquely looking and moving dog.
And we say art because the breeding of the Neapolitan Mastiff is truly an art. To quote Giusseppe Alessandra, president of
the A.T.I.M.A.N.A., (the International Association of the Neapolitan Mastiff), "there are three important and equal aspects
to the Neapolitan Mastiff: its type, its size, and its soundness
70年代早期，歐洲許多國家的紐波利頓的繁殖工作已經具有非常代表性，德國和美國的
培育工作也為這一物種的繁殖起到了重大作用。甚至少數人覺得培育這有頗具代表性的狗，簡直就是
一見藝術品。我們確實也可以不打折扣的來說紐波利頓確實是一件非常完美的藝術品。
引用A.T.I.M.A.N.A., (紐波利頓國際聯合會)主席Giusseppe Alessandra先生的一句話來說
「三個重要的特徵決定紐波利頓 獨有的樣子，血型，尺寸和沉穩的性格。
The Mastino's type, its unique appearance, was created in the Neapolitan countryside by years of inbreeding. As a result, the
traits that make the Neo an unusual dog: its wrinkles, dewlap, loose skin, enormous bone, and distinct lumbering gait, are
created by an accumulation of recessive genes. To breed a sound dog with these attributes is truly an art...and a challenge.
Mastino血系的紐波利頓可以說是這一品種中的極品，並且有著非常獨特的顯著特徵，這些由那布勒斯人
培育出來的大狗，有著與眾不同的外觀：渾身的褶皺，肥厚的下嘴唇，鬆弛的皮膚，巨大的骨量，緩慢
而巨大的身軀。這些明顯隱性基因遺傳的產物。繁育出如此完美的品種，真可以算的上是對藝術的挑戰
In those countries where the Neapolitan Mastiff has achieved a steady population, the breeders have tended to focus on that
aspect of the breed which adheres to cultural ideals. For instance, in Italy, the focus is on type over size and soundness.
In Germany, the focus tends to be on size first, then type then soundness. In the United States, the focus has been on
soundness, then size, then type. Only in the last five years have US breeders regularly been able to produce formidable dogs
of the splendid type that amazes and awes true Neapolitan Mastiff fans world-wide.
很多歐洲國家，紐波利頓的繁殖數量達到了相當多的數量。他們都向著人們所需要的特定目標來培育和選種。並且還形成了自己獨特的文化。
比如在意大利，紐波利頓的培育就最看重的是血統，其次是體形和沉穩的性格。而在德國，人們培育時候第一考慮的是體形，其次是血統和性
格。美國人更看重的是性格，體形排第二，血統排最後。最近5年，美國人培育出了更加強大的紐波利頓，他們性格兇猛體形巨大，另人吃驚與
敬畏，另全世界的紐波利頓迷引起了巨大凡響。
As proof of this we offer two examples. The A.T.I.M.A.N.A. hosts a prestigious annual show attended by hundreds of
Neapolitans from all of Europe. In 1994, for the first time an American-bred Neapolitan Mastiff competed. Ironstone Islero
II, owned by Mr. Harry Booker, and bred by Dr. Sherilyn Allen, took third place. It was a victory for the Americans in a
traditionally Italian-dominated event, and a significant victory for this dog as he was adversely affected by the long flight
over. The judge commented that he would have picked the dog to win had he (the dog) been feeling better.
As a second example, in the Summer of 1995, Dr. Theo Kjelstrom, an AKC judge who has studied the Neapolitan Mastiff both here
and abroad judged a Neapolitan Mastiff specialty in Illinois. His comments after the show were "These dogs are on par with
the best dog's I've seen while judging in Europe, excellent bone and type. Furthermore they have the advantage of being quite
sound."
有2個事例可以說明美國人的育種工作取得的成績，
第一個事例：每一年紐波利頓國際聯合會都要舉行重要的比賽，來自歐洲各國的數百隻紐波利頓都來參加！這一行業內極賦盛名的比賽中一直
都是歐洲佔據著主要地位。但是1994年的比賽中，來自美國的Ironstone Islero II犬場的一隻紐波利頓取得了冠軍。他的主人是Harry Booker
先生,同樣來自美國的Sherilyn Allen博士，他的狗取得了第三名的成績。這一次比賽結果徹底結束了意大利人一統行業內霸主的地位。開創了
美國人在繁育行業內占主導地位的新局面。
第二事例：1995年夏天，AKC著名的裁判Theo Kjelstrom博士開始專心研究於紐波利頓犬的評選工作中，他走訪了很多美國和意大利以及其他一
些國家的犬場，最後在伊利諾依州一家犬場發現了一隻非常優秀的紐波利頓，他說：「這是我見過的最好的一隻紐波利頓，骨量，體形，都非
常非常的優秀，我在歐洲見過了那麼多的優秀紐波利頓，還沒有哪一隻能比的上這隻！」
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